Manola Maria

Department of Tourism Management, University of Western Attica, Athens, Greece

Tsatalbassoglou Anna-Irini

Department of Tourism Management, University of Western Attica, Athens, Greece

Koltsikoglou George

Department of Tourism Management, University of Western Attica, Athens, Greece

Foteini Maniou

Mediterranean Studies Department, University of Aegean, Rhodes, Greece

 

 

ABSTRACT

Cultural tourism has a wide range of activities and one of them is the literary tourism, that  is a sustainable type.  Literary tourism promotes the cultural heritage because helps tourists to explore places, events and meet people presented on the books or places and people connected  to the writers. As the sustainable development of a places, based on the culture, literary tourism could renovate the interest and contribute to such a progress.

Nikos Kazantzakis is one of the most famous Greek writers and this paper highlights moments and places of his life at Heraklion in order to search strategies, as per example literary parks, that could further favor the development of the sustainability of the city  and the wider area.

The paper refers to the way in which visitors-tourists perceive the contribution of the literary works of the author such as Nikos Kazantzakis in question to the promotion of an alternative form of tourism.

Key words: sustainable development, Nikos Kazantzakis, literary tourism, literary parks

 

 

1.Introduction

Tourism is a major source of income for many countries, one of which is Greece, which is active in this field. According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is the key to the economic and social improvement of a place's living conditions, as it constantly creates new jobs and develops infrastructure.

As the range of activities is wide, beyond the classic form of relaxation vacations, other tourist activities are aimed at sustainable development. Literary tourism is one of them.

Literary tourism is presented in various forms, while it is a type of cultural tourism or heritage tourism. According to Robinson &   Andersen,  (2002) literary tourism "involves tourists and visitors who identify with, discover and create cultural values with those people (authors) who have become part of the cultural mythologies of places". The main interest of these tourist visitors is the places and events narrated in literary texts, while a basis is also given to the lives and history of their authors. Literary tourism includes areas mentioned in books (such as the hero's home, a restaurant he frequented, a hidden place, paths the heroes followed, etc.). Even the literary tourists as mentioned by Manola (2019) show a special interest in the places that inspired the author to create the story of the book and are interested in understanding the environment that influenced him.

The above facts, combined with the fact that culture is one of the four main pillars of the sustainable development of places, literary tourism can help to revitalize the places that have it and contribute to their sustainable development. One such place is the city of Heraklion. Mitoula and Kaldis (2018) state that the creation of cultural spaces and routes is a key tool for highlighting historical material and intangible monuments and, by extension, places. Therefore, the need arises to investigate the strategies that could favor the development of the sustainability of the city of Heraklion, highlighting these monuments, following in the footsteps of an important literary writer who hails from the city, Nikos Kazantzakis.( Μitoula et als,2020)

This paper's subject is Nikos Kazantzakis's contribution to the sustainable development of Crete. Nikos Kazantzakis is a huge capital for Crete, as his global potential is inexhaustible and goes beyond the classical literary routes. His works such as "The Life and State of Alexis Zorba", "Captain Michalis", "Reference to Greco", and "Christ Re-Crucified" are some of the novels that have become world famous through their translations. Also, as Beaton (2011) mentions, his works became even more popular due to their transfer to the big screen by directors such as Cakogiannis, Dassin, and Scorsese, while the novel "Christ is crucified" was made into a series on the Greek ERT by Georgiadis.

The paper refers to the contribution of the literary works in order to  promote of an alternative form of tourism. To answer the main questions of the work and to investigate the importance of the "tourism product "Nikos Kazantzakis" for local development and sustainability, a survey was carried out aimed at the tourists/visitors of Heraklion. For the needs of the research, a questionnaire was created, which included twenty-five (25) closed-type structured response questions, was anonymous, and distributed to 253 people. The research was carried out in the months of July and August 2022. The questionnaire was addressed exclusively to adult tourists of all ages from 18 years and above.

Interesting conclusions emerged from the research. From the most important preliminary findings, it follows that tourists are interested in the creation of a literary park that will have Heraklion as its starting point and will also extend to Myrtia. In the opinion of the sample, the park in question will contribute to the increase in the visitation of both the research area and the wider area. It will also contribute to the preservation and promotion of the general local cultural heritage and to the strengthening of the various cultural activities that take place in Heraklion. In this way, Heraklion will be promoted even more, as a tourist area that escapes from the narrow limit of "sea and sun", since its cultural and hyperlocal literary character will be highlighted to the tourists-visitors.

It is noted that in the literature, literary parks are proposed as tools for highlighting local culture and as "infrastructure" that contribute to the sustainable development of places. Through them are defined the indefinite and separate cultural paths that are considered important in the history of literature. They can be points that gave inspiration in a writer's life, the environment he grew up in, and the surrounding influences he received. The visitor-tourist, with his visit to a literary park, is facilitated in terms of understanding the author and his works and through them he can encounter the environment, and get to know the traditions, customs and customs of the area up close (Barilaro, 2004). Literary parks are an important economic factor of local development, as they promote the culture and civilization of the region and help sustainable development with tourism activity. Literary parks also contribute to the protection and promotion of literature and the preservation of the natural beauty of the mentioned areas, therefore, one of the main proposals of this paper refers to the creation of such a park in the area of Heraklion.

 

2. Literary parks and examples of good practices

            In general, a literary park should keep up with the visitors' need for culture and not just for a simple escape from everyday life based on the three 'S' (sun-sand-sea) but responding to the satisfaction of the needs of a peculiar identity. Sigala & Christou (2014) believe that it is necessary to develop specialized partnerships and investment networks in order to have access to resources and know-how that would allow mass tourism to promote experiential tourism.

If in the whole process, the factor "values of the individual" could be added as a component, which would determine according to Ajzen & Fishbein (1980) future behaviors and therefore could potentially determine the choice of a tourist destination by obtaining a more qualitative attitude towards the places of the visit then according to Capecchi (2021) literature can be this component because it has the power to function as a means of promoting a place as it differentiates it from others.

One way that constitutes a good combination between literature and tourism is the creation of literary parks.

Bagnoli (2003) considers that literary parks that include places described in novels differ from ordinary ones as they are not created with the aim of protecting the natural environment but the intangible heritage. For the regions, they are a hybrid tool of support that consists of elements of a natural park but also others that are more compatible with a classic museum, since on the one hand, it aims to promote culture and on the other to promote tourism.

In order to establish a literary park according to Capecchi (2021) certain rules should be followed[1] such as:

• Be about an author who is not alive and has not recently passed away.
• The area should be similar to the one described in the literary work.
• Highlight the author's relationship with the place.
• To promote entrepreneurship mainly of young people and to be sustainable in keeping with the trends of the tourist market
• To be characterized by quality activities (promotion of studies, research, organization of exhibitions, conferences, etc.)
• To highlight the socio-economic characteristics of the area

The following two examples have moved in this direction.

Typical examples of good practice are:

1/ "Literary Travel Park" / Polysemi-Interreg Greece-Italy: this is an attempt to connect the regions of Puglia and the Region of the Ionian Islands through an Operational Program of the European Union called "INTERREG V–A Greece Italy 2014–2020"[2] which had as its main objective the highlighting of the interaction of Greek and Italian culture in the region of the Ionian Sea through a series of actions such as international study conferences, days guided by literature, visual exhibitions, guided tours, the construction of an informative platform, etc. . According to Tsatalbassoglou (2020), the effort was focused on highlighting the features of the Ionian School that differentiate the specific region and highlight the special cultural heritage that gives the region of the Ionian Islands a different identity because it is based on literature and aims at sustainable tourism development. As the POLISEMi project coincided with the great health crisis of Covid-19, a digital library was also organized that has free access to anyone who wishes to get to know the "Literary Travel Park". The ultimate goal of this movement is to create a quality and sustainable model of Literary tourism that will appeal to both domestic and international audiences. Given the fact that literary tourism has no time constraints tourists are invited to discover beyond the beauties of the place and its intangible heritage.

2/The Park of Writers in Sicily, Italy also known as Strada degli Scrittori where tourists find themselves walking around places where Sicilian writers[3] lived and created and the protagonists of their books. It is a route on a route of seventy-two kilometers that connects the southwest of Sicily with the central road axis Messina-Catania-Palermo and challenges the visitor to experience the places that the authors loved and mentioned in their works. In this way, it has a touristic character but with a strong cultural flavor because it entertains but at the same time entertains as there are parallel routes that lead visitors to monuments such as the Valley of the Temples (Valle dei Tempi) and other archaeological and historical ones points of the region but also leads tourists to a variety of alternative holiday experiences. Specifically, every year for about 3 months, usually from May to July, the festival takes place during which a series of events related to each writer takes place such as exhibitions and photography competitions, literary, theatrical, and musical events, creative writing seminar sections, visits in agro-tourism units, wineries, etc. These movements have as their main goal a holistic treatment of the issue with the aim of sustainability and the sustainability of the place( Michopoulou et al.,2021)

The need, therefore, arises to investigate whether the existence of a literary park could favor the development of the sustainability of the city of Heraklion and the wider region by highlighting the steps of Nikos Kazantzakis. The main concern of a tourist business is profit and as Sigala and Christou (2014) state, special forms of tourism lengthen the season, help to deal with the issue of seasonality, and actively involve the visitor in the tourist experience.

3.  Heraklion and "Captain Michael" by Kazantzakis

Captain Michalis is a milestone work by the now-mature writer that takes place in Heraklion during the last years of Turkish rule.

Through the author's experiences and his relationship with his father, the Turkish-occupied Great Castle is presented, the people, the manners and customs, and the struggle of the Cretans against the Turks and, as Vitti (1978) mentions, with the mythologizing of people and events the 'Cretan look' is presented.

Some of the points of the Great Castle that are mentioned in "Captain Michalis" are Platia Strata, the Lions with the Plane Tree, the Three Arches, the Maidani, the Gates of the walls, the moat, the view towards the Lazaretto, the Agios Minas and other less known areas such as Obriaki, Efta Baltades, Meskenia, and Pervola. The place names mentioned in the work acquire a special value as according to Barilaro (2004) the place becomes a symbol because, through the study of novels, landmarks are presented that can be promoted through tourist services.

Today's Heraklion can promote the landmarks of the novel with the help of technology as a "smart city" that promotes sustainability. Tourism can thus function as a form of sustainable development when linked to objectives such as improving the living conditions of future generations without negatively affecting their ability to meet their needs and preserve the environment.

"Smart" is defined as a city that has adopted at least one initiative that addresses public issues related to the economy, the environment, governance, and others with the help of technological tools and the participation of those involved who enjoy the benefits of this smart management.

Going further, Vardopoulos et als (2023) argue that with a cultural focus, a city can adopt initiatives that promote urban sustainability through technology and bring as an example "Smart City" tourist destinations such as Barcelona that took advantage of technology to cover its business needs and create high-quality infrastructure. One of the goals of a Smart City is to disseminate information and increase cooperation between businesses with an interface that even involves its visitors interactively with the exchange of information so as to increase the value of the tourism product. According to Femenia-Serra & al. (2019) the tourist experience has now been transformed as the information search, booking, personalization, and communication processes have changed due to the use of innovative technologies in recent years and is now intertwined with the internet and mobile applications. Tsatalbasoglou (2020) states that through technology such as the use of mobile applications and the presentation of holograms, visitors' interest in the presentation of historical events and the culture of the city can be renewed.

Heraklion, according to the city's website, 2009 seeks to join as a strong hub in a global network of smart cities with a strong cultural and touristic identity[4]. In order to achieve the goal of improving the living conditions of the residents as well as the tourist promotion, a series of projects are being developed and an effort to highlight both the natural and the built environment of the hinterland, the walls are restored and made available for use by the citizens, they are beautified and upgraded districts that until now are considered degraded such as Lakkoi and Agia Triada. At the same time, an effort to highlight cultural heritage through technology was launched, so an application was presented that allows a guided tour of Venetian monuments with 3D videos that offer a complete picture.

The promotion of literary tourism as an alternative form with the main representative Nikos Kazantzakis can be an important comparative advantage that will expand the sector but at the same time will be a focal point that will create the infrastructure that will improve the lives of the citizens of the city and the wider area of the prefecture, as in Varvaros, today's Myrtia, the Nikos Kazantzakis museum operates. It operates in the place where his father was born and lived for a while due to family ties with the owners. This is the place that hosted him as well.

On the website of the Museum, its founder, Giorgos Anemoyiannis, describes the search for a rare and priceless material that led to the permanent exhibition, which is developed in five themes. In its conference room, MNK events are presented, and conferences and performances related to his work are organized, and educational programs of the Museum are aimed at all grades of primary and secondary education and invite students to discover the author. 

It is also particularly important that the Branch of the International Society of Friends of Nikos Kazantzakis is based in the city, which organizes events in his honor. Specifically, from August 3 to 5, 2023, there will be a global anniversary meeting to promote his work, as stated on the relevant website[5]

The Martinego Bastion, the New Gate, and the NK Museum are three points completely dedicated to the author. With the following research, an attempt was made to establish tourists' opinions on the creation of both literary routes in the city and a literary park in the wider area of Heraklion.

 

4. The research

The following survey presents the opinions of a sample of 253 people found in the city of Heraklion from July 20 to August 10, 2022, regarding the possibility of creating literary routes by restoring or reconstituting spaces in less favored areas of the city and a literary park in the area.

A pilot was preceded with a sample of 30 people to improve the questionnaire as reported by Teijingen & Hundley (2001). In particular, it was understood by the researchers that the questions concerning the literary park and the activities it could include should be more analytical, so corrective actions were taken in this direction.

Cohen & al (2008) consider that respondents' opinions should be researched uniformly and anonymously to have honest responses. The researchers then did stratify random sampling (Stratified Random Sampling) to give roughly equal answers from Greek and foreign tourists. The specific questionnaire consists of 25 closed-ended questions with questions of demographic interest, exploring opinions on the subject.

During the process, it was chosen to complete the questionnaire by the researchers due to the restrictions of Covid-19. The respondents were all visitors to the city and not permanent residents. Below are some of the results:

1/ Sex

Chart 1: Sex

Of the total of 253 valid participants, 162 were men and 90 were women. The relative frequency amounts to 64.3 % and 35.7% respectively

 

2/ Country of origin

Graph 2: Country of Origin

Of the total of 253 valid participants, 162 were Greeks and 91 came from other countries and specifically 33 were from the UK, 9 Italians, 41 from Germany, 6 from France, 2 Poles

 

3/ Age

Graph 3: Age

Of the total of 253 valid participants, 72 people were from 18-30 years old, 90 people from 31-45, 99 people from 46 to 60, only 9 people from 61-75 while there was no respondent over 75. To a large extent this may have been due to the fact that the interview took place at lunchtimes which are not suitable for older people

 

4/ Have you visited a Theme Park based on a book or a writer?  

Graph 4: Visitation - theme park

Of the total of 253 valid participants, 144 have a positive answer and 108 a negative one. 

As can be seen below, the percentage that reached 100% was those coming from the UK, which is reasonable as literary tourism is particularly high.

 

5/ Do you know Nikos Kazantzakis?

Graph 5: Do you know N.K

 

Of the total of 253 valid participants, X were men and P were women. The relative frequency shows that only 4% do not know the author and happened to be around Martinego.

 

6/ Do you know the following places in Heraklion that are dedicated to N. Kazantzakis?

Graph 6: Places dedicated to Kazantzakis

 

Of the total of 253 valid participants, as can be seen from the graph, 249 people knew about the tomb of Kazantzakis, 171 about the existence of the MNK in Myrtia and only 61 people about the permanent exhibition at Jesus Gate

 

7/ Which places in Heraklion that are dedicated to N. Kazantzakis have you visited or will you visit?

Graph 7: visited places

Given the fact that the questionnaires were given in Martinego, the answers were all positive, and many of the respondents were informed of the existence of the permanent exhibition because of the questionnaire, as for MNK, the main problem for the visit was the lack of transportation.

 

8/ Would you like to follow a literary route through the city of Heraklion based on the book "Captain Michalis"?

Chart 8: Literary Routes of Captain Michalis

 

In this particular question, the answers were positive, specifically 35 people answered 'neither agree nor disagree, 63 respondents answered 'I agree' and 153 people answered that they completely agree

 

9/ Would you like the aforementioned route to include reenactments of scenes from his work?

Graph 9: reconstructions and literary routes

 

The answers to the question were as follows: 35 people answered 'neither agree nor disagree, 90 respondents answered 'I agree' and 117 people answered that they completely agree

 

10/ Would you be interested in a guided tour that would combine literary routes in the city based on the work of Nikos Kazantzakis 'Captain Michalis' and would also include MNK

Graph 10: Literary path "Captain Michalis" and MNK

The respondents are positively disposed to the idea of combining the Nikos Kazantzakis Museum in a literary route. Specifically, 204 people stated that they agree 'very much', 32 people gave the answer 'very much' and 17 showed moderate interest.

 

11/ Do you think that the theme park could be a place of culture if it were not authentic place?

Graph 11: Inclusion of reconstructions

 

According to the answers, the inclusion of reconstructions does not concern the respondents. 117 answered that they completely agree, 90 'agree' and 35 answered 'neither agree nor disagree'.

 

12/ Do you think that a non-authentic space can be included in a literary park?

Graph 12: Literary park and non-authentic spaces

 

The respondents see positively the existence of non-authentic spaces in a literary route. Specifically, 108 people stated that they strongly agree, 99 people gave the answer 'very much' and 36 showed moderate interest, 'a little' 6 and 'not at all'

 

13/ Do you think it would be useful to create a literary park dedicated to Nikos Kazantzakis in connection with MNK and in a nearby area?

Graph 13: Literary route "Captain Michalis" - MNK-wider area

 

According to the responses, the creation of a theme park that would include MNK is acceptable to the respondents. Out of 253, 177 people were completely positive, 36 people answered 'very much', 25 people answered 'moderately' and 15 people answered 'a little' for 'not at all' there were no answers

 

13/ What actions do you consider useful in a theme park for Nikos Kazantzakis?

Graph 14: Actions

 

Regarding the activities that could potentially be included in a literary park dedicated to Nikos Kazantzakis that would also include the MNK, the responses that receive the most responses are artistic events, Cretan traditional arts seminars, the organization of creative writing seminars, purchase of local products, guided tours and excursions in the surrounding area which are particularly consistent with the simultaneous development of tourism.

 

5. Conclusions

Based on the above results, the following proposals extend to research axes concerning:

1. The organization of literary tours that will include cultural elements related to the life and work of Nikos Kazantzakis in various forms and dynamics throughout the year and outside the tourist season.
2. The organization of a literary park in the wider area of Heraklion to strengthen interest beyond the summer season with an emphasis on sustainable and sustainable development.
3. the organization of full-scale research on the analysis of tourist flows

 

Suggested:

• to create literary routes / guided tours that would include the triangle “Jesus Gate- Martinego- Agios Minas Cathedral” which is already a common route for a tourist as it includes the permanent exhibition of the author's books, his burial place, and the Holy Temple that is often mentioned in the book. A route that follows the central streets of the city, but if they are bypassed because within the triangle tourists would find interesting points of visit such as dramatized excerpts from the author's works, courtyards, and old houses in the form of a "set" that would come close to capturing the era, excerpts from plays that would "play" like a movie in appropriately designed spaces would strengthen the cultural character of the area and highlight it. other parts of the ‘Great Castle’ mentioned in the work of 'Captain Michalis' such as Vigla, Pediados Street, 25th of Augustou Boulvard, the area of Agia Triada etc..  In Naples as Tsatalbasoglou (in Manola 2019) mentions, Elena Ferrante's famous novel "My brilliant friend / L' amica geniale" was the trigger for the creation of many guided tours that highlighted areas of the city that were difficult for tourists to visit before, while at appropriate points actors interpret scenes from the play. The drawing of special routes where holograms with scenes from the author's works or theatrical excerpts will be presented at the appropriate points in appropriately designed scenery, following the example of the special routes in Naples, could be an interesting perspective of sustainable development for these areas of Heraklion.
• the connection of technology with tourist incentives through the Heraklion Smart City: informing tourists visiting the area through mobile applications about the relevant events through an information bank activating an interactive relationship that will actually bring the tourist closer to the cultural wealth city.
• the creation of an area-theme park, perhaps with the restoration of a small village where visitors could experience in nature the traditional way of life described in Kazantzakis' book by combining ecotourism with literary tourism or the construction or remodeling of an already existing space but axis his life and work.
• the KTEL (public buses) connection of the Kazantzakis Museum in Myrtia with the city center at least for certain days and times of the week, especially during the summer months, as public transport is difficult.
• the creation of guided tours in the wider area of Myrtia that would follow routes of Cretan landscapes described in the book, including points of natural beauty and cultural interest such as the gorge of the Karteros River, the Fairy Cave of Astraki, the I.M. Agarathou and others.
• The development of a series of activities related to the Kazantzakis name that would involve the organization of workshops and conferences at regular intervals would promote scientific research.
• organization of creative writing seminars under the auspices of the Municipality and with the contribution of the University of Crete, the N. Kazantzakis Museum, and the International Society of Friends of Nikos Kazantzakis all year time
• organization of competitions related to his work.
• Constant annual festivals showing films based on his novels, presenting his plays and documentaries about his life, and presenting his works and films in foreign languages would interest even casual visitors to the city.
• development of domestic student tourism and connection of the city with student festivals
• the notification of actions through their promotion on tourist websites
• the involvement and utilization of local businesses and products from the agricultural tourist sector
• the promotion of sustainable development with the protection and promotion of the cultural and natural wealth of Crete through the involvement of the residents of the wider region themselves with the promotion of the city and the strengthening of the infrastructure

 

6. Epilogue

The research shows that the interest in Kazantzakis and his novels favors the creation of specialized itineraries and even a literary park dedicated exclusively to him. Nikos Kazantzakis is completely connected to the city of Heraklion as in his novels the place acquires the importance of a symbol. With the appropriate actions, the elements that appear in "Captain Michalis" and relate to the material and immaterial culture can be the tip of the spear in promoting the character of the city and increasing the visitation of the independent era.. Further studies and research are needed to strengthen the design of new services that will meet the needs of visitors and utilize innovative and sustainable development policies for the benefit of residents.

 

 

 

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Acknowledgment

The publication of the article was partially or fully funded by the University of West Attica