Nikos Vagionis

Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Senior Researcher, Athens, Greece

Sofoklis Skoultsos

Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Research Associate, Athens, Greece

ABSTRACT

Characteristics of global tourism have changed during last decades. One of these changes is the rise of new markets of outbound tourism which is well documented by researchers. The countries referred as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, China, India and South Africa) are also among the most well known emerging markets in tourism. Rise of outbound tourism from these countries have affected tourism flows and types of tourists that arrive across Europe. As a result several European countries try to take advantage of this trend.

This paper focuses on these emerging markets and especially on Russia and China and their impact on Greek tourism sector. A brief exhibition of emerging markets in global tourism takes place at first and facts and figures for Russia and China are shown. Afterwards, there is an analytic approach on how these two emerging markets have already affected Greek tourism in terms of several indicators such as arrivals, spending, length of stay, receipts etc. Moreover, these indicators are compared to those ones from countries that are considered as traditional incoming markets for Greek tourism such as Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy and others.

Finally, current paper comes up with suggestions on how tourism sector in Greece can adapt to specific characteristics of these “new” incoming tourists and fully address to these new tourism trends. Particularly, the main suggestion is to create and promote specific tourism products such as cultural tourism, city tourism, religious tourism etc. adapted to Chinese and Russian tourism market. These products can positively impact the demand of Greek tourism product and contribute to reduce tourism seasonality.

Keywords: Russia, China, Emerging Markets, Greece

INTRODUCTION

Russia and China are the two largest countries on the planet and two of the strongest economies, which, during the last two decades are characterised by remarkable economic growth and political liberalisation.

Economic growth and socio-political liberalisation are the main prerequisites for the emergence of a more liberal and mobile youth, an extended middle class, together with a new bourgeoisie, social conditions that are much in favour of tourism, both as a social phenomenon inasmuch as an economic activity.

The above conditions in the two countries offer extensive possibilities of tourism within their borders, because of their size, geo-morphological and cultural differences. This serves as an ‘educational’ step for outbound tourism, i.e. travel to other countries.

Thus, the development of the tourism phenomenon in these countries and the increasing numbers of outbound tourists from Russia and China creates tourist flows towards traditional tourist destinations worldwide, including destinations such as Greece.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the course of tourism phenomenon in Russia and China today and to present figures and trends, in terms of incoming tourism to Greece. In addition, and based on the analysis, to propose ways of better addressing the potential of two emerging markets in our country, adapting to the specific characteristics of each market.

GLOBAL TOURIST FLOWS AND EMERGING MARKETS

Basic figures regarding world travel

It is a fact that tourism in recent decades has risen steadily except a slight hesitation in 2008-2009. For 2013, international tourist arrivals reached 1.087 billion worldwide, while in 2014 there was an increase of 4.7%, larger than the initial forecast (4.5%) of the World Tourism Organisation, to 1.138 billion arrivals. This increase exceeds the average increase envisaged for the period 2010-2020, which is around 3.8%. The increase in air traffic is even higher, 6.1% (WTTC, 2015).

For 2015, globally, the Travel and Tourism (T&T) sector is expected to perform better than the wider economy, and register the sixth successive annual positive growth. In 2014, the tourism industry contributed US$7,580 billion in GDP and 277 million jobs to the global economy, being some 9.8% of the World GDP.

During 2015, the industry’s contribution to global GDP is forecast to grow by 3.7% and employment by 2.6%. This demonstrates the sector’s enduring ability to generate economic growth and create jobs at a faster rate than the global economy, which is due to grow by 2.9% in 2015. Thus, by the end of 2015, the T&T sector will contribute US$7,860 billion, 10% of global GDP, once all direct, indirect and induced impacts are taken into account. The sector will account for 284 million jobs, 9.5% of total employment, or one in eleven of all jobs on the planet (WTTC, 2015).

Source: WTO, 2014; WTTC, 2015

Figure 10: Global International tourist arrivals (mil.) 1995 – 2014

As WTTC forecasts, the United States and China will retain their rankings as the two biggest Travel and Tourism (T&T) economies in the world. Germany overtook Japan and now ranks as the third largest T&T economy. Russia faces the continuing sanctions being imposed and the devaluation of the rouble. This increases the inbound tourism arrivals but not the total T&T revenue expressed in $. South Asia is expected to experience the highest growth in 2015 at 6.9%, whilst Europe and Latin America are the regions with the lowest forecast growth of 2.4%. Long-term forecasts for Travel & Tourism show continued annual growth at 3.8% over the next ten years to $11.4 trillion. By 2025, the global Travel & Tourism sector is expected to contribute 357 million jobs, some 73 million more jobs than this year. Figure 1 provides some detail for the global tourist arrivals’ path.

As regards future trends, Figure 2 shows the expected increase in number of tourists from each region at a global level. It is clearly stated that tourists from Asia and the Pacific region are expected to increase more than 100%. Nevertheless, Europe will still accounts for more than half of the global figure.

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